Australian Ethicist Stands Up For A Smarter Society Via Genetic Embryo Screening

16.02.2011

A LEADING Australian ethicist has advocated genetically screening embryos to create a smarter society of superior "designer babies" with higher IQs.
Melbourne's Julian Salvulescu, now Oxford's practical ethics professor, has said it is our "moral obligation" to use IVF to choose the smartest embryos, even if that maintains or increases social inequality.

Experts have criticised the Gattaca-style idea, saying the money involved could be better spent improving quality of life in Africa.

They have also warned IQ screening could result in unintended results.

But Dr Salvulescu has said we have a moral obligation to create a smarter society, thereby dramatically reducing welfare dependency, the number of school dropouts, the crowding of jails and the extent of poverty.

"There are other ethical principles which should govern reproduction, such as the public interest," Dr Salvulescu said.

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"Even if an individual might have a stunningly good life as a psychopath, there might be reasons based on the public interest not to bring that individual into existence.

"My own view is that the economic and social benefits of higher cognition are reasons in favour of selection, but secondary to the benefits to the individual.

"Cheaper, efficient whole genome analysis makes it a real possibility in the near future."

His comments follow economic modelling in a research paper by Oxford University ethicists Andres Sandberg and Nick Bostrom, showing that if overall IQs were raised by 3 per cent, poverty rates and the number of males in jail would both drop by 25 per cent and welfare dependence by 18 per cent.

Increased intelligence would also reduce the number of parentless children by 20 per cent, the number of out-of-wedlock births by 25 per cent and the number of high school drop-outs by 28 per cent.

The report said while there was little evidence high intelligence caused happiness, there was "ample evidence" low intelligence increased the risk of accidents, low income and "negative life events".

"The overall societal impact of even a small increase in general cognitive function would likely to be sizeable and desirable," the authors wrote.

"Economic models of the loss caused by small intelligence decrements, due to lead in drinking water, predict significant effects of even a few points' decrease."

The ethical debate surrounding the use of in-vitro fertilisation has been stirred by a Melbourne couple who are fighting to choose the sex of their next child, after aborting twin boys in their quest for a daughter.

Some Australian ethicists, including Gene Ethics director Bob Phelps, fear that once the science catches up with people's ambition, allowing sex selection would lead to the creation of designer babies in Victoria.

Geneticists say intelligence is a complex trait, composed of different attributes including problem-solving, perception and reasoning. Consequently, a specific gene for IQ is unlikely to be discovered.

But genetic research is making major headway into dissecting the building blocks of what makes us who we are.

More than 6000 hereditary genetic diseases are now known and the project that has mapped the human genome now allows scientists to work out gene variance between individuals.

That is fuelling hopes that a specific level of intelligence, sporting ability and mental strength will one day be linked to genes and therefore be able to be screened and selected through IVF.

The idea, however, has even ethicists divided.

Prof Neil Levy, head of neuroethics at Florey Neuroscience Institute and a neuroethicist and deputy research director of the Oxford Centre for Neuroethics, said investing in designer embryos would be "an enormous waste of money".

"My view is this is essentially a distraction," he said.

"Why spend all that money when we could be doing so much with that money to increase the IQs and life spans of babies in sub-Saharan Africa?

"The pay-off in terms of raising quality of life for many people would be much greater than you'd get from concentrating on just a few."

Prof Levy said society had double standards about new "cognitive enhancers" but they readily accepted current ones, such as caffeine, anti-depressants and Ritalin.

"If you have an enriched environment as a kid, you're just going to have a higher IQ -- that's an effective cognitive enhancer and probably more effective than Ritalin," Prof Levy said.

"Birth weights strongly predict IQ and the mother's nutritional status strongly predicts IQ. But these are things we're not worried about, because we're used to them.

"It's just the new things we're concerned about.

"Coffee is a cognitive enhancer. If this came on the market today, I think you'd have a lot of trouble making it legal.

"It would be quite easy to modify the ethanol molecule to create a version of alcohol which tasted like alcohol, had the effects of alcohol of making you feel good, but had a much better health profile.

"But nobody is going to bother doing it, because it wouldn't be legal, even though it would be safer," Prof Levy said.

Having the expertise to fulfil futuristic ambitions is still "a fair way off", according to Victorian Clinical Genetic Services director Dr David Amor.

Legally, in Victoria, the genetic testing of embryos can be carried out only with the aim of preventing the transmission of a severe genetic disorder such as muscular dystrophy, Huntington's disease, and Down syndrome.

Dr Amor said the genetics of intelligence was still poorly understood.

"It is likely that some genes involved in intelligence have both advantages and disadvantages, depending on the complex genetic environment they are placed in," Dr Amor said.

"It's possible an embryo that appeared to have a perfect genetic make-up for intelligence might turn out to have less desirable attributes in other areas, such as health or personality.

"It might be a case of 'be careful what you wish for'."

Dr Amor said another limitation of genetically testing for intelligence and personality traits was the number of embryos cultivated through IVF.

"Most couples having IVF only produce a handful or embryos suitable to test and therefore

the ability to select is limited," he said.

"Even if there were larger numbers of embryos, intelligence of children tends to cluster closely around that of parents.

"Therefore, if a hypothetical genetic test for intelligence was applied to embryos, results would most likely be similar for all embryos.

5 IQ BOOSTERS

HIT THE GYM TO INCREASE BRAIN POWER

Physically fit women tend to give birth to smarter babies than obese mothers, as well as having a shorter "pushing phase" during labour. Researchers believe that is because aerobic exercise - cardio activities such as swimming and walking - causes an elevation of a molecule in the brain that blocks the toxic hormone, glucocorticoids, which can cause brain damage.

YOU ARE WHAT YOUR FATHER ATE

Research published in the journal Cell has revealed that the diet of parents influences genes from one generation to the next. The study found that mice whose fathers were fed a low-protein diet showed distinct changes in metabolic liver genes, despite the fathers never seeing their offspring.

That suggests that nutritional information is passed on through the sperm, not through social influence.

FOOD PREFERENCES AND ODOUR MEMORY

Pregnant women should keep away from deep-fried food, with new research showing that what the woman eats in pregnancy shapes their child's food preferences by helping create their sense of smell. The University of Colorado found that the mother's diet sensitised the foetus to those flavours and smells and also shaped brain development. They found odours in the amniotic fluid affected the development of the olfactory bulb, the part of the brain where the sense of smell is processed.

BREAST IS BEST

Research published this month in the Journal of Nutrition shows that teenagers who are breastfed at birth have stronger leg muscles than those who received artificial milk. Other studies have linked breastfeeding to an IQ rise of at least five points.

AVOID STRESS

A severe stressful event can damage a baby's brain development. Canadian researchers studied the development of children in-utero during the 1998 Quebec ice storm, which killed 30 people and cut off power for weeks. At age five, these children had stunted verbal IQ and language development, even when their patents' education, income and occupation was taken into account.

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